Ku wa 4 Kanama 1993, mu mujyi wa Arusha muri Tanzania, hasinywe amasezerano y’amateka yari yitezweho guhindura isura ya politiki y’u Rwanda no kuzana amahoro arambye. Nyuma y’imyaka itatu y’intambara yahuzaga Ingabo za Leta (FAR) n’Ingabo za FPR-Inkotanyi, uyu munsi wasize icyizere gikomeye mu Banyarwanda, nubwo nyuma yaho yaje gukurikirwa n’ibihe bikomeye birimo na Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994.
Aya masezerano azwi nka “Amasezerano ya Arusha”, ntiyaje nk’impanuka; yari umusaruro w’ibiganiro bikomeye byamaze amezi 12 birangwa n’impaka, ubwumvikane buke n’ingendo z’uruhuri, byose bigamije gushakira umuti ibibazo by’u Rwanda.
Abasinye Amasezerano ku Mpande Zombi
Mu cyumba cy’inama i Arusha, impande zombi zari zihagarariwe n’abayobozi b’isonga bafite ububasha bwuzuye bwo gushyira umukono ku masezerano:
- Ku ruhande rwa Leta y’u Rwanda: Umukono we yawushyizeho Juvénal Habyarimana, Perezida wa Repubulika y’u Rwanda icyo gihe.
- Ku ruhande rwa FPR-Inkotanyi: Umukono yawushyizeho Colonel Alexis Kanyarengwe, wari Umuyobozi mukuru (Chairman) w’umutwe wa FPR-Inkotanyi.
Inzego n’Abanyacyubahiro Bitabiriye Isinywa ry’Amasezerano
Uyu muhango wabaye mu maso y’amahanga n’abahuza b’akarere n’isi yose, bitanga igihamya cy’uko ibyemezo byafatiweho byari bifite uburemere mpuzamahanga:
- Ali Hassan Mwinyi: Perezida wa Tanzania, akaba ari na we wari Umuhuza mukuru (Facilitator) w’ibi biganiro.
- Yoweri Kaguta Museveni: Perezida wa Uganda, igihugu cyari indorerezi hafi y’umupaka.
- Melchior Ndadaye: Perezida wa Burundi (igihugu cy’indorerezi).
- Faustin Birindwa: Minisitiri w’Intebe wa Zaire (Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo y’ubu), wari uhagarariye Perezida Mobutu Sese Seko.
- Dr. Salim Ahmed Salim: Umuyobozi Mukuru w’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bwa Afurika (OAU/OUA).
- Vladimir Petrovsky: Umuyobozi wungirije w’Umuryango w’Abibumbye (UN), wari uhagarariye Umunyamabanga Mukuru wa UN, Dr. Boutros Boutros-Ghali.
- Abahagarariye Ibihugu by’Indorerezi: Birimo Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, u Bufaransa, u Bubiligi, u Budage, Nigeria, na Zimbabwe.
Ingingo 5 z’Ibanze (Protocols) zari zigize Amasezerano
Amasezerano ya Arusha ntabwo yari urupapuro rumwe, yari agizwe n’inyandiko eshanu z’amasezerano mato (Protocols) yasinywaga mu bihe bitandukanye, biza guhurizwa hamwe kuri uwo munsi wa tariki ya 4 Kanama:
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| # | Ingingo z’Amasezerano (Protocols) | Icyo zayaga n’Ibyo zemeranyijho |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Gushyiraho Leta y’Imiyoborere ishingiye ku Mategeko | Kwemera demokarasi, iyubahirizwa ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu, n’ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda. |
| 2 | Gusaranganya Ubutegetsi (Power-Sharing) | Gushyiraho Guverinoma n’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko (Broad-Based Transitional Government), aho FPR n’andi mashyaka ya politiki basangira imyanya. |
| 3 | Kuvanga Ingabo (Military Integration) | Gushyiraho igisirikare na gandarumeri bishya, aho Leta yagombaga kugira 60% n’aho FPR ikagira 40% mu ngabo zose. |
| 4 | Gucyura Impunzi n’Abakuwe mu Byabo | Gucyura impunzi zari hanze y’igihugu no gushumbusha abakuwe mu byabo n’intambara. |
| 5 | Izindi Ngingo (Final Provisions) | Harimo igihe amasezerano agomba gutangira gushyirwa mu bikorwa (kitarenze iminsi 37) no gutumiza ingabo za UN (MINUAR) zo kubungabunga amahoro. |
Aho abagabo basezeraniye niho bahurira
Tariki 05/10/1993 inama ishinzwe umutekano ku isi mu muryango w’abibumbye yatoye umwanzuro 872 wemeje ishyirwaho ry’ingabo ziyobowe (mu rwego rwa politike) na Jacques-Roger Booh-Booh ziswe MINUAR, zihabwa ubutumwa bwo guhagarikira ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’aya masezerano.
Mu 1992, Perezida Habyarimana yari yaratangaje ko amasezerano ari gutegurwa i Arusha ari “impapuro gusa”, nkuko bivugwa na André Guichaoua, umuhanga mu mibanire y’abantu (sociologie) wakurikiraga iby’akarere k’ibiyaga bigari.
Guichaoua yongeyeho ko icyo gihe Habyarimana yananenze abatavuga rumwe na we ku kuba baranze ko habaho amatora, ndetse ko kuba Habyarimana yaravuze ko ayo masezerano yari “impapuro gusa” bitari bisobanuye ko atari ayashyigikiye, ko ahubwo yari yizeye kuzatsinda amatora rusange nyuma yaho, ndetse akarushaho kugira ijambo mu gihugu.
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Mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryayo, tariki 28/12/1993 FPR yohereje abasirikare 600 i Kigali ku ngoro yitwaga iya CND (ingoro y’inteko ubu), bagiye kurinda abanyapolitiki bayo nk’uko byateganywaga n’ayo masezerano.
Amateka atwereka ko aya masezerano, nubwo yari umushinga mwiza w’amahoro, ariko atigeze ashyirwa mu bikorwa nk’uko byari biteganijwe. Uruhande rwa Leta ya Habyarimana rwakomeje kuyatinza, ndetse bamwe mu bashakaga intambara bayita “impapuro gusa”. Ibi byakurikiwe n’ihanurwa ry’indege ya Habyarimana muri Mata 1994, ari na yo yabaye imbarutso ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yari yarateguwe.
Nubwo byagenze bityo, inshingano n’amahame yari mu masezerano ya Arusha nko gukuraho amoko mu ndangamuntu, gushyiraho inzego z’uburenganzira bwa muntu, n’ubumwe n’ubwiyunge byaje kuba umusingi ukomeye Leta y’Ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda yubakiyeho nyuma yo guhagarika Jenoside mu 1994.
